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Jicheng (Beijing)
Ji (蓟/薊 Jì), Jicheng or the City of Ji (蓟城/薊城 Jìchéng) was an ancient city in northern China, which has become the longest continuously inhabited section of modern Beijing. Historical mention of Ji dates to the founding of the Zhou Dynasty in about 1045 BC. Archaeological finds in southwestern Beijing where Ji was believed to be located date to the Spring and Autumn period (771-476 BC). The City of Ji served as the capital of the ancient states of Ji and Yan until the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC. Thereafter, the city was a prefectural capital for Youzhou through the Han Dynasty, Three Kingdoms, Western Jin Dynasty, Sixteen Kingdoms, Northern Dynasties, and Sui Dynasty. With the creation of a Jizhou (蓟州) during the Tang Dynasty in what is now Tianjin Municipality, the City of Ji took on the name Youzhou. Youzhou was one of the Sixteen Prefectures ceded to the Khitans during the Five Dynasties. The city then became the southern capital of the Liao Dynasty and then main capital of the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234). In the 13th Century, Kublai Khan built a new capital city for the Yuan Dynasty adjacent to Ji to the north. The old city of Ji became a suburb to Dadu. In the Ming Dynasty, the old and new cities were merged by Beijing's Ming-era city wall.
==Pre-Imperial history ==
The city state of Ji was inhabited by the tribe of the Yellow Emperor in the Shang Dynasty, and became one of the founding vassal states of the Zhou Dynasty. According to Sima Qian's ''Records of the Grand Historian'', King Wu of Zhou, in the 11th year of his reign, deposed King Zhou of Shang and conferred titles to nobles within his domain, including the rulers of the city states Ji and Yan. According to the ''Book of Rites'', King Wu of Zhou was so eager to establish his legitimacy after his battle victory over the Shang that before dismounting from his chariot, he named the descendants of the Yellow Emperor to the State of Ji.〔《礼记•乐记》〕 The 11th year of the reign of King Wu of Zhou approximates to 1145 B.C. The Beijing Municipal Government designates 1045 B.C. as the first year of the city's history.〔(Chinese) (蓟城纪念柱 )〕
At some time in the late Western Zhou Dynasty or the early Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the neighboring State of Yan conquered Ji and made the city its capital. The Yan state eventually became one of the seven powers of the Warring States period (476 – 221BC). The rulers of the Yan built several capitals and moved their seat of power in response to threats from the nomadic tribes from the north and neighboring kingdoms from the south. Ji was referred to historians as Shangdu (上都) or the "Upper Capital." Other Yan capitals include: (1) the Liulihe Site in southern Fangshan District of Beijing, which served as the Yan capital prior to Yan’s conquest of Ji, (2) Linyi (临易) in present-day Rongcheng and Xiong Counties of Hebei Province to which the seat of Yan moved in 690s BC,〔(Chinese) ("走进燕国 >> 燕都遗迹 >> 易都—容城南阳遗址、雄县古贤村遗址" ) Accessed 2012-12-13〕 (3) the Ancient City of Doudian in Liangxiang of Fangshan District, known as Zhongdu (中都), or the "Middle Capital"〔(Chinese) ("走进燕国 >> 燕都遗迹 >> 中都——窦店古城" ) Accessed 2012-12-13〕 and (4) Xiadu (下都) or the "Lower Capital", a larger settlement south of Linyi, in modern day Yi County, Hebei Province, that was built in the 300s BC.〔(Chinese) ("走进燕国 >> 燕都遗迹 >> 下都—河北易县燕下都遗址" ) Accessed 2012-12-13〕 By the time, the State of Qin invaded Yan in 226 BC, the capital of Yan was back in Ji.
The City of Ji is believed to be located in the southwestern part of present-day urban Beijing, just south of Guang'anmen in Xicheng and Fengtai Districts.〔(Chinese) ("走进燕国 >> 燕都遗迹 >> 上都——蓟城" ) Accessed 2012-12-13〕 Historical accounts mention a "Hill of Ji" northwest of the city, which would correspond to the large mound at the White Cloud Abbey, outside Xibianmen about 4 km north of Guang’anmen.〔In 284 BC, the victorious Yan general Yue Yi, having conquered 70 cities of neighboring Qi, wrote to Duke of Yan to report that he had enough booty to fill two palaces and planned to bring home a new tree species to plant on the Hill of Ji, north of the city.〕 South and west of Guang’anmen, archaeologists have unearthed remnants of concentrated human habitation dating back to at least the 400s BC.〔 In 1956, during the construction of the Yongding River viaduct, 151 ancient wells dating to the Spring and Autumn, Warring States and Han Dynasty were discovered.〔 In 1957, a rammed earth platform was found south of Guang’anmen along with tiles used for palace construction.〔 Since then more wells and tiles have been discovered, and the wells are most densely concentrated in south of Xuanwumen and Hepingmen.〔〔 Archaeologists have yet to discover remnants of city walls from the Zhou Dynasty that have been found at the other four capitals. In 1974, excavations around the White Cloud Abbey uncovered remnants of city walls but three tombs from the Eastern Han Dynasty found underneath the walls indicate the walls post-date the tombs.〔(Chinese) ("北京建城之始-燕蓟遗迹" ) 2005-09-01〕 The fact that the other four capitals were buried beneath farmland and the Guang’anmen area is a densely populated section of urban Beijing accounts for the greater difficulty of searching for Ji’s ruins. In 2008, city authorities in Beijing announced that archaeological efforts would accompany urban renewal constructions projects in southern Bejiing to search for more artifacts of Ji in the pre-imperial era.〔(Chinese) ("考古工作者搜寻蓟城遗址 锁定北京宣南工地(图)" ''北京晚报'' ) 2008-09-19〕
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